By: Valeria Puga Álvarez
@Valeria_RRII
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvmk4-TpfxChpGV7IsaJ58wiGJithpkttXhcq7362s3VQA8Ulf-NdCJEb3glP1cHQNHjqdP31jjPqABnqQ_n2uK3iqbfWj2IFaF2l7KW5Zbkwf-u7RRWHFxmal9cResC3CLYeiz048I10/s1600/brexit2.jpg)
Unlike other integration schemes, the European Union is a supranational institution, and that means that member countries give up part of their sovereignty to the extent that they adopt the laws, regulations, rules, policies and community plans. However, there have oftentimes been discussions about the Two-Speed Europe, or even the Multi-Speed Europe, which have made the uniform adoption of the EU legislation more complex at domestic level.
These notable differences between member countries, which exceed the financial and economic field, have led to a principle of differentiation that can be defined as a process that allows some States to advance further in the integration, while others may choose not to do so, as is the case of Great Britain. For example, of the 28 states, 19 use the Euro as their common currency, and the remaining nine retain their own currency. The United Kingdom (UK) is included in the latter group. For this reason, referring to the Eurozone and the European Union as the same thing is a big mistake.
This differentiated integration has nonetheless been a double-edged sword, because, on one hand, it has allowed the expansion of the European Union -even to the East, the historic area of Russian-Soviet influence-, but on the other, it has paved the way towards fragmentation, thus undermining the legitimacy of the EU.
Great Britain has been one of the countries -if not the country- that has benefited the most from the principle of differentiation, due to the large amount of power that it holds in global governance. In addition, its special relationship with the United States has not allowed the country -at least since the twentieth century- to commit fully to continental Europe.
“I don’t love Brussels, I love Britain”
In addition to these factors, the economic-financial crisis in 2008, the euro crisis and the recent refugee crisis have raised serious questions about the governance of the European Union. In this context of conflicting responses from the Community, David Cameron, the British prime minister, under pressure from Eurosceptic parties (UKIP), from members of his own party (conservative) and some increasing public opinion -mainly anti-immigrant-, negotiated in February a "special status" for the United Kingdom within the European Union.
After two exhausting days of negotiations, David Cameron won a suite tailored to the British: no closer union, protection to the States not included in the Eurozone, granting greater power for parliaments to block EU laws, and limiting the social benefits of migrant workers to a maximum period of seven years –in comparison to the initial 13 promoted by London-. In return, Cameron pledged to support the No to the "Brexit" (short for Britain and exit in English) in the referendum.
Between a European discourse and "I don’t love Brussels, I love Britain", David Cameron announced the success of the negotiations. After that, June 23 was established as the date of the referendum, on which, as many say, the UK will define its identity and the European Union its possible collapse or reform.
The power of the anti-immigrant argument
The growing emergence and the victory of Eurosceptic political parties in several member countries has led to an inevitable politicization of the European Union and, in general, of regional integration in the domestic political agenda. The mere classification of pro-union and Eurosceptic parties is an indicator.
Meanwhile, one of the most criticized issues by the UK is the alleged "open door policy" imposed by EU regulation -although it is not part of the Schengen Agreement- and that according to EU critics, it opens the door to deregulated immigration.
Currently, there are three million EU immigrants in Great Britain, but is leaving the European Union enough to curb indiscriminate immigration? Certainly not. On the contrary, the UK government will have to analyze these propositions calmly, because in the event that the Yes wins, its commitment will be much greater and also its scrutiny.
The fact that the anti-immigrant argument is a key driver to propose the referendum says a lot about a certain segment of the population. Who are the "Breexiters"? Surprisingly, according to a recent publication by "The Economist", there is apparently a factor of education and class, because the more qualified you are, the more likely you are to be pro-European, while the less preparation, the tendency would be contrary.
After the referendum: “Keep calm and carry on”
Probably, as you read this article, the first results of the referendum will already be known. And if the polls in recent days that showed the victory of the Yes to the "Brexit" are true, the scenario, especially in the short run, can be disastrous both for the EU and the UK.
On the one hand, this is one of the moments of greater political and economic brittleness of the EU, which is also going through certain dissonance between its two main engines: France and Germany, who seem to lack a common project due to their own asymmetries. In this context, the exit of the UK would further weaken the EU, not only at community level but internationally, because it would set a terrible precedent that would motivate Eurosceptic parties to press more strongly for their member countries to exit the EU, causing a disintegration of the Europeans, in the worst scenario. Not to mention the many economic and migratory effects -as mentioned before-; for the EU to lose the member state that would be the largest economy of the Community by 2030, this undoubtedly raises concern.
On the other hand, for the UK this would mean losing one of its main markets, and also its investment privileges. Its economic growth would be severely affected for at least fifteen years, not considering that its "free trade" agenda would be depleted. In addition to adverse effects in the scientific and cultural fields.
As expected, the European Union will make sure not to give way -as many suppose- to a "Nexit" (exit of Holland) or a "Czexit" (exit of the Czech Republic), and for this, it will implement deterrent actions that could hit the UK harder than it imagines.
Certainly, the exit of a Member State has been almost unthinkable for the European Union, so much so that just in 2009, with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, does Article 50 stipulate the possibility for a Member State to withdraw from the EU, establishing that the country must do so through a notification to the European Council.
Article 50 does not provide many details about the process, and as such, the departure procedure of a Member State from the EU is a vacuum within the construction of its institutionalism. Most likely, reaching an agreement on the terms of an eventual exit of Great Britain would take at least two years.
Should the No to the "Brexit" win in the referendum, several parliamentarians and experts point to a possible reform of the EU that reflects its breadth and avant-garde before the community and international re-structuring. Until then, we can just say "keep calm and carry on".